Example: www.yahoo.com.br (Brazil=BR)
COUNTRY ISO CODE ISO ALPHA-3
Afghanistan AF AFG
Albania AL ALB
Algeria DZ DZA
American Samoa AS ASM
Andorra AD AND
Angola AO AGO
Anguilla AI AIA
Antarctica AQ
Antigua and Barbuda AG ATG
Argentina AR ARG
Armenia AM ARM
Aruba AW ABW
Australia AU AUS
Austria AT AUT
Azerbaijan AZ AZE
Bahamas BS BHS
Bahrain BH BHR
Bangladesh BD BGD
Barbados BB BRB
Belarus BY BLR
Belgium BE BEL
Belize BZ BLZ
Benin BJ BEN
Bermuda BM BMU
Bhutan BT BTN
Bolivia BO BOL
Bosnia and Herzegovina BA BIH
Botswana BW BWA
Bouvet Island BV
Brazil BR BRA
British Indian Ocean Territory IO
Brunei Darussalam BN BRN
Bulgaria BG BGR
Burkina Faso BF BFA
Burundi BI BDI
Cambodia KH KHM
Cameroon CM CMR
Canada CA CAN
Cape Verde CV CPV
Cayman Islands KY CYM
Central African Republic CF CAF
Chad TD TCD
Channel Islands
Chile CL CHL
China CN CHN
Christmas Island CX
Cocos (Keeling) Islands CC
Colombia CO COL
Comoros KM COM
Congo CG COG
Congo, The Democratic Republic of The CD COD
Cook Islands CK COK
Costa Rica CR CRI
Cote d'Ivoire CI CIV
Croatia HR HRV
Cuba CU CUB
Cyprus CY CYP
Czech Republic CZ CZE
Denmark DK DNK
Dijbouti DJ DJI
Dominica DM DMA
Dominican Republic DO DOM
East Timor TP TMP
Ecuador EC ECU
Egypt EG EGY
El Salvador SV SLV
Equatorial Guinea GQ GNQ
Eritrea ER ERI
Estonia EE EST
Ethiopia ET ETH
Faeroe Islands FO FRO
Falklands Islands (Malvinas) FK FLK
Fiji FJ FJI
Finland FI FIN
France FR FRA
French Guiana GF GUF
French Polynesia PF PYF
French Southern Territories TF
Gabon GA GAB
Gambia GM GMB
Georgia GE GEO
Germany DE DEU
Ghana GH GHA
Gibraltar GI GIB
Global com
Greece GR GRC
Greenland GL GRL
Grenada GD GRD
Guadeloupe GP GLP
Guam GU GUM
Guatemala GT GTM
Guinea GN GIN
Guinea-Bissau GW GNB
Guyana GY GUY
Haiti HT HTI
Heard Island and McDonald Islands HM
Holy See (Vatican City State) VA VAT
Honduras HN HND
Hong Kong HK HKG
Hungary HU HUN
Iceland IS ISL
India IN IND
Indonesia ID IDN
Iran,Islamic Republic of IR IRN
Iraq IQ IRQ
Ireland IE IRL
Isle of Man
Israel IL ISR
Italy IT ITA
Jamaica JM JAM
Japan JP JPN
Jordan JO JOR
Kazakstan KZ KAZ
Kenya KE KEN
Kiribati KI KIR
Korea, Democratic People's Republic of KP PRK
Korea, Republic of KR KOR
Kuwait KW KWT
Kyrgyzstan KG KGZ
Lao People's Democratic Republic LA LAO
Latvia LV LVA
Lebanon LB LBN
Lesotho LS LSO
Liberia LR LBR
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya LY LBY
Liechtenstein LI LIE
Lithuania LT LTU
Luxembourg LU LUX
Macau MO MAC
Macedonia MK MKD
Madagascar MG MDG
Malawi MW MWI
Malaysia MY MYS
Maldives MV MDV
Mali ML MLI
Malta MT MLT
Marshall Islands MH MHL
Martinique MQ MTQ
Mauritania MR MRT
Mauritius MU MUS
Mayotte YT
Mexico MX MEX
Micronesia, Federated States of FM FSM
Moldova, Republic of MD MDA
Monaco MC MCO
Mongolia MN MNG
Montserrat MS MSR
Morocco MA MAR
Mozambique MZ MOZ
Myanmar (Burma) MM MMR
Namibia NA NAM
Nauru NR NRU
Nepal NP NPL
Netherlands NL NLD
Netherland Antilles AN ANT
New Caledonia NC NCL
New Zealand NZ NZL
Nicaragua NI NIC
Niger NE NER
Nigeria NG NGA
Niue NU NIU
Norfolk Island NF NFK
Northern Mariana Islands MP MNP
Norway NO NOR
Oman OM OMN
Pakistan PK PAK
Palau PW PLW
Palestinian Territory, Occupied PS PSE
Panama PA PAN
Papua New Guinea PG PNG
Paraguay PY PRY
Peru PE PER
Philippines PH PHL
Pitcairn PN PCN
Poland PL POL
Portugal PT PRT
Puerto Rico PR PRI
Qatar QA QAT
Reunion RE REU
Romania RO ROM
Russian Federation RU RUS
Rwanda RW RWA
Saint Helena SH SHN
Saint Kitts and Nevis KN KNA
Saint Lucia LC LCA
Saint Pierre and Miquelon PM SPM
Saint Vincent and The Grenadines VC VCT
Samoa WS WSM
San Marino SM SMR
Sao Tome and Principe ST STP
Saudi Arabia SA SAU
Senegal SN SEN
Seychelles SC SYC
Sierra Leone SL SLE
Singapore SG SGP
Slovakia SK SVK
Slovenia SI SVN
Solomon Islands SB SLB
Somalia SO SOM
South Africa ZA ZAF
South Georgia and The South Sandwich Islands GS
Spain ES ESP
Sri Lanka LK LKA
Sudan SD SDN
Suriname SR SUR
Svalbard and Jan Mayen SJ SJM
Swaziland SZ SWZ
Sweden SE SWE
Switzerland CH CHE
Syrian Arab Republic SY SYR
Taiwan TW TWN
Tajikistan TJ TJK
Tanzania, United Republic of TZ TZA
Thailand TH THA
Togo TG TGO
Tokelau TK TKL
Tonga TO TON
Trinidad and Tobago TT TTO
Tunisia TN TUN
Turkey TR TUR
Turkmenistan TM TKM
Turks and Caicos Islands TC TCA
Tuvalu TV TUV
Uganda UG UGA
Ukraine UA UKR
United Arab Emirates AE ARE
United Kingdom UK GBR
United States US USA
United States Minor Outlying Islands UM
Uruguay UY URY
Uzbekistan UZ UZB
Vanuatu VU VUT
Vatican City State, see Holy See VA VAT
Venezuela VE VEN
Viet nam VN VNM
Virgin Islands, British VG VGB
Virgin Islands, U.S. VI VIR
Wallis and Futuna WF WLF
Western Sahara EH ESH
Yemen YE YEM
Yugoslavia YU YUG
Zaire see Congo, The Democratic Republic of The CD
Zambia ZM ZMB
Zimbabwe ZI ZWE
Wednesday, June 19, 2002
Definitions of Website Globalization Terms
Translation: Word for word conversion into another language.
Localization: Localization is the adaptation of a product or service to a specific target market, culture and language. A successfully localized website is one that appears to have been created within the local country.
Mistakenly, many people use the word "localization" to refer only to the translation of a site’s content into another language. Effective website localization, however, involves much more than language translation. It also includes:
Adaptation of the site’s content to the culture of a specific, targeted audience. Terminology and concepts must all be reviewed to ensure a proper fit for the culture of the people that will be viewing the site. Products, services, or special offers that are not available in that country should be deleted from the local sites.
The design of each local website must also be adapted to meet the needs of that particular audience. Fonts, graphics, colors and icons should be selected based on cultural preferences. Design considerations such as text sizing are also important in countries that use script languages.
The technical architecture must also be adapted to ensure that the site runs properly and performs well on operating systems and browsers used in the target country. Software and site databases should be thoroughly tested to ensure local compatibility.
The site must be modified also to handle local tax, monetary, and legal requirements that are specific to the target market.
Internationalization: In contrast to localization, internationalization is the simplification of a product or service for use in multiple countries. In the case of websites, this involves the creation of content and design to accommodate multiple languages and to appeal to multiple cultures.
Internationalization can also be the first step towards localization during which the site is enabled for translation and adaptation to specific cultures and countries.
Globalization: Website globalization is the system by which a site is developed, implemented and managed to effectively provide a presence in multiple languages and locations. It is the process by which a website is designed for multiple to appeal to multiple locations and accommodate multiple languages, as well and implemented development, update processes, and workflow have been engineered to provide a robust framework for cost-effective multilingual site development and maintenance--incorporating overseas offices, consultants, etc.
In addition to sharing most of the characteristics of a localized site, effective globalized websites:
Leverage existing corporate content across multiple geographies.
Present content in the language and culture of each target market, and allow language toggling between local sites.
Retain global brand identity and messaging that is at the same time customized to each local audience.
Implement a content management system that ensures the integrity of corporate and local sites.
Offer customer commerce ability despite geographic location.
Translation: Word for word conversion into another language.
Localization: Localization is the adaptation of a product or service to a specific target market, culture and language. A successfully localized website is one that appears to have been created within the local country.
Mistakenly, many people use the word "localization" to refer only to the translation of a site’s content into another language. Effective website localization, however, involves much more than language translation. It also includes:
Adaptation of the site’s content to the culture of a specific, targeted audience. Terminology and concepts must all be reviewed to ensure a proper fit for the culture of the people that will be viewing the site. Products, services, or special offers that are not available in that country should be deleted from the local sites.
The design of each local website must also be adapted to meet the needs of that particular audience. Fonts, graphics, colors and icons should be selected based on cultural preferences. Design considerations such as text sizing are also important in countries that use script languages.
The technical architecture must also be adapted to ensure that the site runs properly and performs well on operating systems and browsers used in the target country. Software and site databases should be thoroughly tested to ensure local compatibility.
The site must be modified also to handle local tax, monetary, and legal requirements that are specific to the target market.
Internationalization: In contrast to localization, internationalization is the simplification of a product or service for use in multiple countries. In the case of websites, this involves the creation of content and design to accommodate multiple languages and to appeal to multiple cultures.
Internationalization can also be the first step towards localization during which the site is enabled for translation and adaptation to specific cultures and countries.
Globalization: Website globalization is the system by which a site is developed, implemented and managed to effectively provide a presence in multiple languages and locations. It is the process by which a website is designed for multiple to appeal to multiple locations and accommodate multiple languages, as well and implemented development, update processes, and workflow have been engineered to provide a robust framework for cost-effective multilingual site development and maintenance--incorporating overseas offices, consultants, etc.
In addition to sharing most of the characteristics of a localized site, effective globalized websites:
Leverage existing corporate content across multiple geographies.
Present content in the language and culture of each target market, and allow language toggling between local sites.
Retain global brand identity and messaging that is at the same time customized to each local audience.
Implement a content management system that ensures the integrity of corporate and local sites.
Offer customer commerce ability despite geographic location.
Definitions of Website Globalization Terms
Translation: Word for word conversion into another language.
Localization: Localization is the adaptation of a product or service to a specific target market, culture and language. A successfully localized website is one that appears to have been created within the local country.
Mistakenly, many people use the word "localization" to refer only to the translation of a site’s content into another language. Effective website localization, however, involves much more than language translation. It also includes:
Adaptation of the site’s content to the culture of a specific, targeted audience. Terminology and concepts must all be reviewed to ensure a proper fit for the culture of the people that will be viewing the site. Products, services, or special offers that are not available in that country should be deleted from the local sites.
The design of each local website must also be adapted to meet the needs of that particular audience. Fonts, graphics, colors and icons should be selected based on cultural preferences. Design considerations such as text sizing are also important in countries that use script languages.
The technical architecture must also be adapted to ensure that the site runs properly and performs well on operating systems and browsers used in the target country. Software and site databases should be thoroughly tested to ensure local compatibility.
The site must be modified also to handle local tax, monetary, and legal requirements that are specific to the target market.
Internationalization: In contrast to localization, internationalization is the simplification of a product or service for use in multiple countries. In the case of websites, this involves the creation of content and design to accommodate multiple languages and to appeal to multiple cultures.
Internationalization can also be the first step towards localization during which the site is enabled for translation and adaptation to specific cultures and countries.
Globalization: Website globalization is the system by which a site is developed, implemented and managed to effectively provide a presence in multiple languages and locations. It is the process by which a website is designed for multiple to appeal to multiple locations and accommodate multiple languages, as well and implemented development, update processes, and workflow have been engineered to provide a robust framework for cost-effective multilingual site development and maintenance--incorporating overseas offices, consultants, etc.
In addition to sharing most of the characteristics of a localized site, effective globalized websites:
Leverage existing corporate content across multiple geographies.
Present content in the language and culture of each target market, and allow language toggling between local sites.
Retain global brand identity and messaging that is at the same time customized to each local audience.
Implement a content management system that ensures the integrity of corporate and local sites.
Offer customer commerce ability despite geographic location.
Translation: Word for word conversion into another language.
Localization: Localization is the adaptation of a product or service to a specific target market, culture and language. A successfully localized website is one that appears to have been created within the local country.
Mistakenly, many people use the word "localization" to refer only to the translation of a site’s content into another language. Effective website localization, however, involves much more than language translation. It also includes:
Adaptation of the site’s content to the culture of a specific, targeted audience. Terminology and concepts must all be reviewed to ensure a proper fit for the culture of the people that will be viewing the site. Products, services, or special offers that are not available in that country should be deleted from the local sites.
The design of each local website must also be adapted to meet the needs of that particular audience. Fonts, graphics, colors and icons should be selected based on cultural preferences. Design considerations such as text sizing are also important in countries that use script languages.
The technical architecture must also be adapted to ensure that the site runs properly and performs well on operating systems and browsers used in the target country. Software and site databases should be thoroughly tested to ensure local compatibility.
The site must be modified also to handle local tax, monetary, and legal requirements that are specific to the target market.
Internationalization: In contrast to localization, internationalization is the simplification of a product or service for use in multiple countries. In the case of websites, this involves the creation of content and design to accommodate multiple languages and to appeal to multiple cultures.
Internationalization can also be the first step towards localization during which the site is enabled for translation and adaptation to specific cultures and countries.
Globalization: Website globalization is the system by which a site is developed, implemented and managed to effectively provide a presence in multiple languages and locations. It is the process by which a website is designed for multiple to appeal to multiple locations and accommodate multiple languages, as well and implemented development, update processes, and workflow have been engineered to provide a robust framework for cost-effective multilingual site development and maintenance--incorporating overseas offices, consultants, etc.
In addition to sharing most of the characteristics of a localized site, effective globalized websites:
Leverage existing corporate content across multiple geographies.
Present content in the language and culture of each target market, and allow language toggling between local sites.
Retain global brand identity and messaging that is at the same time customized to each local audience.
Implement a content management system that ensures the integrity of corporate and local sites.
Offer customer commerce ability despite geographic location.
Although English-speaking people call the European nation Germany, Germans call their own nation Deutschland. This list provides the local names for each of the countries of the world.
COMMON NAME NATIVE NAME
Afghanistan Afghanestan
Albania Shqiperia
Algeria Al Jaza'ir
Andorra Andorra
Angola Angola
Antigua and Barbuda Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina Argentina
Armenia Hayastan
Australia Australia
Austria Oesterreich
Azerbaijan Azarbaycan Respublikasi
The Bahamas The Bahamas
Bahrain Al Bahrayn
Bangladesh Bangladesh
Barbados Barbados
Belarus Byelarus
Belgium Belgique (French) or Belgie (Flemish)
Belize Belice
Benin Benin
Bhutan Drukyul
Bolivia Bolivia
Botswana Botswana
Brazil Brasil
Brunei Brunei
Bulgaria Republika Bulgariya
Burkina Faso Burkina Faso
Burundi Burundi
Cambodia Kampuchea
Cameroon Cameroon or Cameroun (French)
Canada Canada
Cape Verde Cabo Verde
Central African Republic Republique Centrafricaine
Chad Tchad
Chile Chile
China Zhong Guo
Colombia Colombia
Comoros Comores
Congo, Republic of the Republique du Congo
Congo, Democratic Republic of the Republique Democratique du Congo
Costa Rica Costa Rica
Cote d'Ivoire Cote d'Ivoire
Croatia Hrvatska
Cuba Cuba
Cyprus Kypros (Greek) or Kibris (Turkish)
Czech Republic Ceska Republika
Denmark Danmark
Djibouti Djibouti
Dominica Dominica
Dominican Republic Republica Dominicana
Ecuador Ecuador
Egypt Misr
El Salvador El Salvador
Equatorial Guinea Guinea Ecuatorial
Eritrea Ertra
Estonia Eesti
Ethiopia YeItyop'iya
Fiji Fiji
Finland Suomi
France France or Republique Francaise
Gabon Gabon
The Gambia The Gambia
Georgia Sak'art'velo
Germany Deutschland
Ghana Ghana
Greece Ellas
Grenada Grenada
Guatemala Guatemala
Guinea Guinee
Guinea-Bissau Guine-Bissau
Guyana Guyana
Haiti Haiti
Honduras Honduras
Hungary Magyarorszag
Iceland Island
India India
Indonesia Indonesia
Iran Iran
Iraq Al Iraq
Ireland Ireland or Eire
Israel Yisra'el
Italy Italia
Jamaica Jamaica
Japan Nippon
Jordan Al Urdun
Kazakhstan Qazaqstan
Kenya Kenya
Kiribati Kiribati
Korea, North Choson or Choson-minjujuui-inmin-konghwaguk
Korea, South Taehan-min'guk
Kuwait Al Kuwayt
Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyz Respublikasy
Laos Sathalanalat Paxathipatai Paxaxon Lao
Latvia Latvija
Lebanon Lubnan
Lesotho Lesotho
Liberia Liberia
Libya Libya
Liechtenstein Liechtenstein
Lithuania Lietuva
Luxembourg Luxembourg
Macedonia Makedonija
Madagascar Madagascar
Malawi Malawi
Malaysia Malaysia
Maldives Dhivehi Raajje
Mali Mali
Malta Malta
Marshall Islands Marshall Islands
Mauritania Muritaniyah
Mauritius Mauritius
Mexico Mexico
Federated States of Micronesia Federated States of Micronesia
Moldova Moldova
Monaco Monaco
Mongolia Mongol Uls
Morocco Al Maghrib
Mozambique Mocambique
Myanmar (Burma) Myanma Naingngandaw
Namibia Namibia
Nauru Nauru
Nepal Nepal
Netherlands Nederland
New Zealand New Zealand
Nicaragua Nicaragua
Niger Niger
Nigeria Nigeria
Norway Norge
Oman Uman
Pakistan Pakistan
Palau Belau
Panama Panama
Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea
Paraguay Paraguay
Peru Peru
Philippines Pilipinas
Poland Polska
Portugal Portugal
Qatar Qatar
Romania Romania
Russia Rossiya
Rwanda Rwanda
Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia Saint Lucia
Samoa Samoa
San Marino San Marino
Sao Tome and Principe Sao Tome e Principe
Saudi Arabia Al Arabiyah as Suudiyah
Senegal Senegal
Seychelles Seychelles
Sierra Leone Sierra Leone
Singapore Singapore
Slovakia Slovensko
Slovenia Slovenija
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands
Somalia Somalia
South Africa South Africa
Spain España
Sri Lanka Sri Lanka
Sudan As-Sudan
Suriname Suriname
Swaziland Swaziland
Sweden Sverige
Switzerland Schweiz (German), Suisse (French), Svizzera (Italian)
Syria Suriyah
Taiwan T'ai-wan
Tajikistan Jumhurii Tojikistan
Tanzania Tanzania
Thailand Muang Thai
Togo Togo
Tonga Tonga
Trinidad and Tobago Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia Tunis
Turkey Turkiye
Turkmenistan Turkmenistan
Tuvalu Tuvalu
Uganda Uganda
Ukraine Ukrayina
United Arab Emirates Al Imarat al Arabiyah al Muttahidah
United Kingdom United Kingdom
United States United States
Uruguay Uruguay
Uzbekistan Uzbekiston Respublikasi
Vanuatu Vanuatu
Vatican City (Holy See) Santa Sede (Citta del Vaticano)
Venezuela Venezuela
Vietnam Viet Nam
Yemen Al Yaman
Zambia Zambia
Zimbabwe Zimbabwe
COMMON NAME NATIVE NAME
Afghanistan Afghanestan
Albania Shqiperia
Algeria Al Jaza'ir
Andorra Andorra
Angola Angola
Antigua and Barbuda Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina Argentina
Armenia Hayastan
Australia Australia
Austria Oesterreich
Azerbaijan Azarbaycan Respublikasi
The Bahamas The Bahamas
Bahrain Al Bahrayn
Bangladesh Bangladesh
Barbados Barbados
Belarus Byelarus
Belgium Belgique (French) or Belgie (Flemish)
Belize Belice
Benin Benin
Bhutan Drukyul
Bolivia Bolivia
Botswana Botswana
Brazil Brasil
Brunei Brunei
Bulgaria Republika Bulgariya
Burkina Faso Burkina Faso
Burundi Burundi
Cambodia Kampuchea
Cameroon Cameroon or Cameroun (French)
Canada Canada
Cape Verde Cabo Verde
Central African Republic Republique Centrafricaine
Chad Tchad
Chile Chile
China Zhong Guo
Colombia Colombia
Comoros Comores
Congo, Republic of the Republique du Congo
Congo, Democratic Republic of the Republique Democratique du Congo
Costa Rica Costa Rica
Cote d'Ivoire Cote d'Ivoire
Croatia Hrvatska
Cuba Cuba
Cyprus Kypros (Greek) or Kibris (Turkish)
Czech Republic Ceska Republika
Denmark Danmark
Djibouti Djibouti
Dominica Dominica
Dominican Republic Republica Dominicana
Ecuador Ecuador
Egypt Misr
El Salvador El Salvador
Equatorial Guinea Guinea Ecuatorial
Eritrea Ertra
Estonia Eesti
Ethiopia YeItyop'iya
Fiji Fiji
Finland Suomi
France France or Republique Francaise
Gabon Gabon
The Gambia The Gambia
Georgia Sak'art'velo
Germany Deutschland
Ghana Ghana
Greece Ellas
Grenada Grenada
Guatemala Guatemala
Guinea Guinee
Guinea-Bissau Guine-Bissau
Guyana Guyana
Haiti Haiti
Honduras Honduras
Hungary Magyarorszag
Iceland Island
India India
Indonesia Indonesia
Iran Iran
Iraq Al Iraq
Ireland Ireland or Eire
Israel Yisra'el
Italy Italia
Jamaica Jamaica
Japan Nippon
Jordan Al Urdun
Kazakhstan Qazaqstan
Kenya Kenya
Kiribati Kiribati
Korea, North Choson or Choson-minjujuui-inmin-konghwaguk
Korea, South Taehan-min'guk
Kuwait Al Kuwayt
Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyz Respublikasy
Laos Sathalanalat Paxathipatai Paxaxon Lao
Latvia Latvija
Lebanon Lubnan
Lesotho Lesotho
Liberia Liberia
Libya Libya
Liechtenstein Liechtenstein
Lithuania Lietuva
Luxembourg Luxembourg
Macedonia Makedonija
Madagascar Madagascar
Malawi Malawi
Malaysia Malaysia
Maldives Dhivehi Raajje
Mali Mali
Malta Malta
Marshall Islands Marshall Islands
Mauritania Muritaniyah
Mauritius Mauritius
Mexico Mexico
Federated States of Micronesia Federated States of Micronesia
Moldova Moldova
Monaco Monaco
Mongolia Mongol Uls
Morocco Al Maghrib
Mozambique Mocambique
Myanmar (Burma) Myanma Naingngandaw
Namibia Namibia
Nauru Nauru
Nepal Nepal
Netherlands Nederland
New Zealand New Zealand
Nicaragua Nicaragua
Niger Niger
Nigeria Nigeria
Norway Norge
Oman Uman
Pakistan Pakistan
Palau Belau
Panama Panama
Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea
Paraguay Paraguay
Peru Peru
Philippines Pilipinas
Poland Polska
Portugal Portugal
Qatar Qatar
Romania Romania
Russia Rossiya
Rwanda Rwanda
Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia Saint Lucia
Samoa Samoa
San Marino San Marino
Sao Tome and Principe Sao Tome e Principe
Saudi Arabia Al Arabiyah as Suudiyah
Senegal Senegal
Seychelles Seychelles
Sierra Leone Sierra Leone
Singapore Singapore
Slovakia Slovensko
Slovenia Slovenija
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands
Somalia Somalia
South Africa South Africa
Spain España
Sri Lanka Sri Lanka
Sudan As-Sudan
Suriname Suriname
Swaziland Swaziland
Sweden Sverige
Switzerland Schweiz (German), Suisse (French), Svizzera (Italian)
Syria Suriyah
Taiwan T'ai-wan
Tajikistan Jumhurii Tojikistan
Tanzania Tanzania
Thailand Muang Thai
Togo Togo
Tonga Tonga
Trinidad and Tobago Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia Tunis
Turkey Turkiye
Turkmenistan Turkmenistan
Tuvalu Tuvalu
Uganda Uganda
Ukraine Ukrayina
United Arab Emirates Al Imarat al Arabiyah al Muttahidah
United Kingdom United Kingdom
United States United States
Uruguay Uruguay
Uzbekistan Uzbekiston Respublikasi
Vanuatu Vanuatu
Vatican City (Holy See) Santa Sede (Citta del Vaticano)
Venezuela Venezuela
Vietnam Viet Nam
Yemen Al Yaman
Zambia Zambia
Zimbabwe Zimbabwe
Score total : 14 point(s) sur 20
Score intermédiaire : 14 point(s) sur 20
1
Questo cane ha le zampe molto lun... e gli occh... blu.
ga - ii
ghi - i
ghe - ii
ghe - i
2 point(s) sur 2
Votre réponse est correcte.
Les adjectifs ("piani" : accentués sur l'avant-dernière syllabe) se terminant en - co, - go et - ca, - ga prennent un "h" au pluriel pour conserver le son guttural.
Les noms en - io ont un pluriel en -ii lorsque l'accent tonique est sur le - i de - ìo, dans les autres cas ils ont un pluriel en - i.
2
Per fare la pasta ci vogliono .... fresche.
uovo
uova
uva
ingredienti
0 point(s) sur 2
Certains mots masculins en -o deviennent féminins au pluriel avec une terminaison irrégulière en - a.
3
L'arte italian.... piace ai turisti che seguono .... guida .
o - la
a - il
a - la
o - il
2 point(s) sur 2
Votre réponse est correcte.
"Arte" est un mot féminin.
"Guida" s'emploie toujours au féminin.
4
Mi piace portare cami.... bianche e pantaloni viol .... .
ce - i
cie - i
cie - a
ce - a
1 point(s) sur 2
Une partie de votre réponse est incorrecte. La réponse correcte est : "cie - a".
Les terminaisons -cia ou -gia font leur pluriel en -cie ou -gie lorsqu'elles sont précédées d'une voyelle.
Certains adjectifs de couleurs sont invariables : rosa, blu, viola.
5
La professor.... di spagnolo ha fatto visitare ai suoi alunni le grandi citt.... di Spagna.
ora - à
essa - à
ora - e
essa - e
1 point(s) sur 2
Une partie de votre réponse est incorrecte. La réponse correcte est : "essa - à".
Certains noms changent de terminaison au féminin : " uno studente : una studentessa."
Les mots accentués sur la dernière syllabe sont invariables.
6
Mi piacciono i monumenti goti.... e baroc.... .
ci - ci
ci - chi
chi - ci
chi - chi
2 point(s) sur 2
Votre réponse est correcte.
Les noms et adjectifs en - co et - go accentués sur l'avant-dernière syllabe (parole piane) font leur pluriel en - chi et - ghi.
Les noms et adjectifs accentués sur la troisième syllabe en partant de la fin (parole sdrucciole) font leur pluriel en - ci et - gi.
7
Tutti questi individui sono .... della stessa famiglia.
membra
membri
membro
2 point(s) sur 2
Votre réponse est correcte.
Certains noms ont deux pluriels : un régulier et un autre irrégulier mais dans ce cas le nom acquiert une autre signification.
8
Ho prenotato una camera in due alber.... quattro stelle per un'at .... capricciosa.
go - trice
ghi - trice
ghi - tore
go - tore
1 point(s) sur 2
Une partie de votre réponse est incorrecte. La réponse correcte est : "ghi - trice".
La majeure partie des noms("parole piane") terminés en - co, - go et - ca, - ga prennent un "h" au pluriel pour garder le son guttural.
Les noms masculins en - tore, qui désignent les agents d'une action, ont un féminin en - trice.
9
Il mio .... ha fatto un discorso .... .
collega - stupida
collega - idiota
amica - stupida
amica - stupido
2 point(s) sur 2
Votre réponse est correcte.
Quelques mots masculins ont une terminaison en - a (pluriel en - i ).
Certains adjectifs se terminent en - a au masculin et au féminin singulier. Ils ont donc une seule forme au singulier mais deux formes au pluriel : - i pour le masculin et - e pour le féminin.
10
Gli uom.... hanno le sopracci.... più folte delle donne.
ini - glia
ini - gli
i - glia
i - glio
1 point(s) sur 2
Une partie de votre réponse est incorrecte. La réponse correcte est : "ini - glia".
Certains noms, assez rares et inclassables ont un pluriel très différent du singulier : " l'uomo : gli uomini."
Certains noms masculins en - o deviennent féminins au pluriel et ont une terminaison en - a. Ils désignent pour la plupart des parties du corps humain.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Score total : 14 point(s) sur 20
Score intermédiaire : 14 point(s) sur 20
Vous connaissez bien les structures abordées à l'exception de quelques points qu'il ne faut cependant pas négliger. Revoyez-les et n'hésitez-pas à faire les exercices correspondants avant de passer au test suivant.
Score intermédiaire : 14 point(s) sur 20
1
Questo cane ha le zampe molto lun... e gli occh... blu.
ga - ii
ghi - i
ghe - ii
ghe - i
2 point(s) sur 2
Votre réponse est correcte.
Les adjectifs ("piani" : accentués sur l'avant-dernière syllabe) se terminant en - co, - go et - ca, - ga prennent un "h" au pluriel pour conserver le son guttural.
Les noms en - io ont un pluriel en -ii lorsque l'accent tonique est sur le - i de - ìo, dans les autres cas ils ont un pluriel en - i.
2
Per fare la pasta ci vogliono .... fresche.
uovo
uova
uva
ingredienti
0 point(s) sur 2
Certains mots masculins en -o deviennent féminins au pluriel avec une terminaison irrégulière en - a.
3
L'arte italian.... piace ai turisti che seguono .... guida .
o - la
a - il
a - la
o - il
2 point(s) sur 2
Votre réponse est correcte.
"Arte" est un mot féminin.
"Guida" s'emploie toujours au féminin.
4
Mi piace portare cami.... bianche e pantaloni viol .... .
ce - i
cie - i
cie - a
ce - a
1 point(s) sur 2
Une partie de votre réponse est incorrecte. La réponse correcte est : "cie - a".
Les terminaisons -cia ou -gia font leur pluriel en -cie ou -gie lorsqu'elles sont précédées d'une voyelle.
Certains adjectifs de couleurs sont invariables : rosa, blu, viola.
5
La professor.... di spagnolo ha fatto visitare ai suoi alunni le grandi citt.... di Spagna.
ora - à
essa - à
ora - e
essa - e
1 point(s) sur 2
Une partie de votre réponse est incorrecte. La réponse correcte est : "essa - à".
Certains noms changent de terminaison au féminin : " uno studente : una studentessa."
Les mots accentués sur la dernière syllabe sont invariables.
6
Mi piacciono i monumenti goti.... e baroc.... .
ci - ci
ci - chi
chi - ci
chi - chi
2 point(s) sur 2
Votre réponse est correcte.
Les noms et adjectifs en - co et - go accentués sur l'avant-dernière syllabe (parole piane) font leur pluriel en - chi et - ghi.
Les noms et adjectifs accentués sur la troisième syllabe en partant de la fin (parole sdrucciole) font leur pluriel en - ci et - gi.
7
Tutti questi individui sono .... della stessa famiglia.
membra
membri
membro
2 point(s) sur 2
Votre réponse est correcte.
Certains noms ont deux pluriels : un régulier et un autre irrégulier mais dans ce cas le nom acquiert une autre signification.
8
Ho prenotato una camera in due alber.... quattro stelle per un'at .... capricciosa.
go - trice
ghi - trice
ghi - tore
go - tore
1 point(s) sur 2
Une partie de votre réponse est incorrecte. La réponse correcte est : "ghi - trice".
La majeure partie des noms("parole piane") terminés en - co, - go et - ca, - ga prennent un "h" au pluriel pour garder le son guttural.
Les noms masculins en - tore, qui désignent les agents d'une action, ont un féminin en - trice.
9
Il mio .... ha fatto un discorso .... .
collega - stupida
collega - idiota
amica - stupida
amica - stupido
2 point(s) sur 2
Votre réponse est correcte.
Quelques mots masculins ont une terminaison en - a (pluriel en - i ).
Certains adjectifs se terminent en - a au masculin et au féminin singulier. Ils ont donc une seule forme au singulier mais deux formes au pluriel : - i pour le masculin et - e pour le féminin.
10
Gli uom.... hanno le sopracci.... più folte delle donne.
ini - glia
ini - gli
i - glia
i - glio
1 point(s) sur 2
Une partie de votre réponse est incorrecte. La réponse correcte est : "ini - glia".
Certains noms, assez rares et inclassables ont un pluriel très différent du singulier : " l'uomo : gli uomini."
Certains noms masculins en - o deviennent féminins au pluriel et ont une terminaison en - a. Ils désignent pour la plupart des parties du corps humain.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Score total : 14 point(s) sur 20
Score intermédiaire : 14 point(s) sur 20
Vous connaissez bien les structures abordées à l'exception de quelques points qu'il ne faut cependant pas négliger. Revoyez-les et n'hésitez-pas à faire les exercices correspondants avant de passer au test suivant.
Saturday, June 15, 2002
Imaginando a si mesmo, clique nas costas da primeira carta para mostrar a primeira carta.
Imaginando o outro, clique nas costas da segunda carta para mostrar a segunda carta.
Clique nas costas da terceira carta para mostrar a terceira carta.
Clique nas costas da quarta carta para mostrar a quarta carta.
Clique na face de cada carta para mostrar a explanação dessa carta no painel a esquerda.
Se você quiser tentar novamente, clique no botão [Limpar] para limpar as cartas,
então repita de 1. a 5.
Carta Posição Significado
Primeira No topo à esquerda Você e o que você está contribuindo para a relação aqui/agora
Segunda No topo à direita O outro - a entrada do outro na relação
Terceira Botão esquerdo As energias compostas
Quarta Botão direito O insight
Imaginando o outro, clique nas costas da segunda carta para mostrar a segunda carta.
Clique nas costas da terceira carta para mostrar a terceira carta.
Clique nas costas da quarta carta para mostrar a quarta carta.
Clique na face de cada carta para mostrar a explanação dessa carta no painel a esquerda.
Se você quiser tentar novamente, clique no botão [Limpar] para limpar as cartas,
então repita de 1. a 5.
Carta Posição Significado
Primeira No topo à esquerda Você e o que você está contribuindo para a relação aqui/agora
Segunda No topo à direita O outro - a entrada do outro na relação
Terceira Botão esquerdo As energias compostas
Quarta Botão direito O insight
Quando você está sozinho, você não está só, está simplesmente solitário -- e há uma grande diferença entre solidão e solitude. Quando você está em solidão, fica pensando no outro, sente a falta do outro.
A solidão é um estado de espírito negativo. Você fica sentindo que seria melhor se o outro estivesse ali -- seu amigo, sua esposa, sua mãe, a pessoa amada, seu marido. Seria bom se o outro estivesse ali, mas ele não está.
Solidão é ausência do outro. Solitude é a presença de si mesmo. A solitude é muito positiva. É uma presença, uma presença transbordante. Você se sente tão pleno de presença que pode preencher o universo inteiro com a sua presença, e não há nenhuma necessidade de ninguém.
Osho The Discipline of Transcendence, Volume 1 Chapter 2
Comentário:
Quando não existe "alguém significativo" em nossa vida, podemos tanto nos sentir solitários, quanto desfrutar da liberdade que a solidão traz. Quando não encontramos apoio entre os outros para as nossas verdades sentidas profundamente, podemos nos sentir isolados e amargurados, ou então celebrar o fato de que o nosso modo de ver as coisas é seguro o bastante, até para sobreviver à poderosa necessidade humana de aprovação da família, dos amigos, dos colegas.
Se você está enfrentando uma tal situação neste momento, tome consciência de como está optando por encarar a sua "solitude", e assuma a responsabilidade pela escolha que fez.
A figura humilde desta carta brilha com uma luz que emana do seu interior. Uma das contribuições mais significativas do Buda Gautama para a vida espiritual da humanidade foi insistir junto a seus discípulos: "Seja uma luz para você mesmo". Afinal de contas, cada um de nós deve desenvolver em si a capacidade de abrir o seu próprio caminho através da escuridão, sem quaisquer companheiros, mapas ou guia.
A solidão é um estado de espírito negativo. Você fica sentindo que seria melhor se o outro estivesse ali -- seu amigo, sua esposa, sua mãe, a pessoa amada, seu marido. Seria bom se o outro estivesse ali, mas ele não está.
Solidão é ausência do outro. Solitude é a presença de si mesmo. A solitude é muito positiva. É uma presença, uma presença transbordante. Você se sente tão pleno de presença que pode preencher o universo inteiro com a sua presença, e não há nenhuma necessidade de ninguém.
Osho The Discipline of Transcendence, Volume 1 Chapter 2
Comentário:
Quando não existe "alguém significativo" em nossa vida, podemos tanto nos sentir solitários, quanto desfrutar da liberdade que a solidão traz. Quando não encontramos apoio entre os outros para as nossas verdades sentidas profundamente, podemos nos sentir isolados e amargurados, ou então celebrar o fato de que o nosso modo de ver as coisas é seguro o bastante, até para sobreviver à poderosa necessidade humana de aprovação da família, dos amigos, dos colegas.
Se você está enfrentando uma tal situação neste momento, tome consciência de como está optando por encarar a sua "solitude", e assuma a responsabilidade pela escolha que fez.
A figura humilde desta carta brilha com uma luz que emana do seu interior. Uma das contribuições mais significativas do Buda Gautama para a vida espiritual da humanidade foi insistir junto a seus discípulos: "Seja uma luz para você mesmo". Afinal de contas, cada um de nós deve desenvolver em si a capacidade de abrir o seu próprio caminho através da escuridão, sem quaisquer companheiros, mapas ou guia.
O conflito está no homem. A menos que seja resolvido ali, não poderá ser resolvido em nenhum outro lugar. O desafio político está dentro de você; ele acontece entre as duas partes da mente.
Há uma ponte muito pequena. Se essa ligação for rompida por algum acidente, por algum defeito fisiológico ou por alguma outra razão, a pessoa fica dividida: ela se tornará duas pessoas -- e o fenômeno da esquizofrenia ou personalidade dividida, se manifestará.
Se a ponte for rompida -- e é uma ponte muito frágil --, então você se transformará em dois, passará a agir como duas pessoas. Pela manhã, você é muito amável, uma pessoa encantadora; à tarde, está muito bravo, completamente diferente. Você não irá lembrar-se de como foi de manhã... e como poderia lembrar-se? Era uma outra mente que estava funcionando -- e a pessoa se transforma em duas pessoas. Se essa ponte for fortalecida o bastante para que as duas mentes deixem de ser duas e se tornem uma só, então acontecerá a integração, a cristalização.
Aquilo que George Gurdjieff costumava chamar de cristalização do ser é apenas a transformação dessas duas mentes em uma só, o encontro do masculino e do feminino dentro de nós, o encontro do yin e do yang, o encontro do esquerdo com o direito, o encontro da lógica com o ilógico, o encontro de Platão com Aristóteles.
Osho Ancient Music in the Pines Chapter 1
Comentário:
A imagem da integração é a união mística, a fusão dos opostos. Este é um momento de comunicação entre dualidades da vida, anteriormente vivenciadas. Ao invés da noite opondo-se ao dia, a escuridão suprimindo a luz, as polaridades estarão trabalhando juntas para criar um todo unificado, transformando-se ininterruptamente uma na outra, cada qual contendo a semente do seu oposto no seu âmago mais profundo.
A águia e o cisne são ambos seres alados e majestosos. A águia é a encarnação do poder e da solitude. O cisne é a corporificação do espaço e da pureza, flutuando e mergulhando com suavidade no elemento das emoções, totalmente satisfeito e realizado em sua perfeição e beleza.
Nós somos a união da águia com o cisne: macho e fêmea, fogo e água, vida e morte. A carta da integração é o símbolo da autocriação, da vida nova e da união mística, conhecida também como alquimia.
Há uma ponte muito pequena. Se essa ligação for rompida por algum acidente, por algum defeito fisiológico ou por alguma outra razão, a pessoa fica dividida: ela se tornará duas pessoas -- e o fenômeno da esquizofrenia ou personalidade dividida, se manifestará.
Se a ponte for rompida -- e é uma ponte muito frágil --, então você se transformará em dois, passará a agir como duas pessoas. Pela manhã, você é muito amável, uma pessoa encantadora; à tarde, está muito bravo, completamente diferente. Você não irá lembrar-se de como foi de manhã... e como poderia lembrar-se? Era uma outra mente que estava funcionando -- e a pessoa se transforma em duas pessoas. Se essa ponte for fortalecida o bastante para que as duas mentes deixem de ser duas e se tornem uma só, então acontecerá a integração, a cristalização.
Aquilo que George Gurdjieff costumava chamar de cristalização do ser é apenas a transformação dessas duas mentes em uma só, o encontro do masculino e do feminino dentro de nós, o encontro do yin e do yang, o encontro do esquerdo com o direito, o encontro da lógica com o ilógico, o encontro de Platão com Aristóteles.
Osho Ancient Music in the Pines Chapter 1
Comentário:
A imagem da integração é a união mística, a fusão dos opostos. Este é um momento de comunicação entre dualidades da vida, anteriormente vivenciadas. Ao invés da noite opondo-se ao dia, a escuridão suprimindo a luz, as polaridades estarão trabalhando juntas para criar um todo unificado, transformando-se ininterruptamente uma na outra, cada qual contendo a semente do seu oposto no seu âmago mais profundo.
A águia e o cisne são ambos seres alados e majestosos. A águia é a encarnação do poder e da solitude. O cisne é a corporificação do espaço e da pureza, flutuando e mergulhando com suavidade no elemento das emoções, totalmente satisfeito e realizado em sua perfeição e beleza.
Nós somos a união da águia com o cisne: macho e fêmea, fogo e água, vida e morte. A carta da integração é o símbolo da autocriação, da vida nova e da união mística, conhecida também como alquimia.
Buda escolheu uma das palavras que realmente trazem em si um grande potencial -- shunyata. A palavra inglesa, o equivalente inglês ´nothingness´ [nada], não é uma palavra tão bela. Por esse motivo é que eu gostaria de transformá-la em ´no-thingness´ (não-materialidade) -- porque o "nada" de fato não é exatamente um vazio: ali se encontra potencialmente o "tudo". Nele, vibram todas as possibilidades. Trata-se de potencial, potencial absoluto. Ainda não está manifesto, mas tudo está contido ali.
No princípio é natureza, no final é natureza. Então, por que criar tanta confusão no meio do caminho...? Por que ficar tão preocupado, tão ansioso, com tantas ambições, no meio do caminho -- por que criar tamanho desespero? Toda a jornada é da não-materialidade à não-materialidade.
Osho Take it Easy, Volume 1 Chapter 5
Comentário:
Encontrar-se "no vazio" pode ser desorientador e até assustador. Nada em que se apoiar, nenhum sentido de direção, nem mesmo um indício a respeito de quais opções e possibilidades poderiam estar à frente. Era, porém, exatamente esse estado de potencialidade pura que existia antes que o universo fosse criado.
Tudo o que você pode fazer agora é relaxar no seio dessa não-materialidade... mergulhar nesse silêncio entre as palavras... observar esse vazio entre a expiração e a inspiração, e guardar o tesouro de cada momento vazio da experiência. Alguma coisa sagrada está para nascer.
Ruptura
Converter a derrocada em ruptura, eis toda a função de um mestre. O psicoterapeuta simplesmente põe remendos. Essa é a sua função. Ele não está ali para transformá-lo. Você precisa de uma metapsicologia -- a psicologia dos budas.
Sofrer uma derrocada conscientemente é a maior aventura da vida. É o maior risco, porque não há nenhuma garantia de que a derrocada se transformará em uma ruptura. Ela se transforma, mas essas coisas não podem ser garantidas. O caos em que você se encontra é muito antigo -- por muitas, muitas vidas você tem estado no caos. Trata-se de um caos espesso e denso. É quase um universo em si mesmo. Portanto, quando você o desafia com sua capacidade limitada, é claro que há perigo. Sem desafiar, porém, esse perigo, ninguém jamais se tornou integrado, ninguém jamais se tornou um indivíduo, indivisível.
O Zen, ou a meditação, é o método que irá ajudá-lo a passar através do caos, pela noite escura da alma, com equilíbrio, disciplinado, alerta.
O alvorecer não está muito longe, mas antes que lhe seja possível alcançar o nascer do dia, a noite escura precisará ser atravessada. À medida que a alvorada for se aproximando, a noite se tornará ainda mais escura.
Osho Walking in Zen, Sitting in Zen Chapter 1
Comentário:
A predominância do vermelho nesta carta indica, logo à primeira vista, que o seu tema é a energia, o poder e a força. A aura brilhante emana do plexo solar ou centro de poder da figura, e a sua postura é de exuberância e determinação.
Todos nós atingimos ocasionalmente um ponto em que "bastante é o bastante". Nesses momentos parece que precisamos fazer alguma coisa, qualquer coisa, ainda que mais tarde essa coisa se revele um engano. Precisamos deixar de lado as cargas e restrições que nos estão limitando. Se não fazemos isso, elas ameaçam sufocar e neutralizar nossa própria energia vital.
Se neste momento você está sentindo que "bastante é o bastante", aceite o risco de romper com os velhos padrões e limitações que têm impedido a sua energia de fluir. Ao fazê-lo, você ficará surpreso com a vitalidade e com a energia que essa Ruptura trará à sua vida.
Mind can accept any boundary anywhere. But the reality is that, by its very nature, existence cannot have any boundary, because what will be beyond the boundary? - again another sky.
That's why I am saying skies upon skies are available for your flight. Don't be content easily. Those who remain content easily remain small: small are their joys, small are their ecstasies, small are their silences, small is their being. But there is no need! This smallness is your own imposition upon your freedom, upon your unlimited possibilities, upon your unlimited potential.
Osho Live Zen Chapter 2
Commentary:
The eagle has an overview of all the possibilities contained in the landscape below, as he flies freely, naturally and effortlessly through the sky. He is really in his domain, very grand and self-contained.
This card indicates that you are at a point where a world of possibilities is open to you. Because you have grown more loving towards yourself, more self-contained, you can work easily with others. Because you are relaxed and at ease, you can recognize possibilities as they present themselves, sometimes even before others can see them. Because you are in tune with your own nature, you understand that existence is providing you with exactly what you need.
Enjoy the flight! And celebrate all the varied wonders of the landscape spread before you.
Thursday, June 13, 2002
Aqui eu gostaria de dizer algo, que tenho guardado como um segredo por toda minha vida. Eu nunca quis ser um Mestre para ninguém...
Ser um mestre é uma tarefa muito estranha. Você precisa convencer pessoas sobre o coração utilizando argumentos e razões, racionalidades, filosofia, você tem que usar a mente como uma serva do coração.
O trabalho do mestre é lhe afastar da mente, para que toda sua energia se mova para o coração. Você captou o sentido? A palavra mestre cria a idéia do discípulo, do seguidor. Como pode haver um mestre sem um discípulo, sem um seguidor? Mas no sentido espiritual da palavra, mestre significa domínio de si mesmo. Não tem nenhuma relação com qualquer seguidor; não depende da multidão. Um mestre sozinho é suficiente. O novo homem de que tenho falado será um mestre de si mesmo.
Osho
Comentário:
No Zen, o Mestre não é um mestre de outros, mas um mestre de si mesmo - Cada gesto seu, e cada uma de suas palavras, refletem a sua condição de iluminado. Ele não é um professor com uma doutrina para partilhar, nem um mensageiro supernatural conectado diretamente a Deus, mas simplesmente aquele que se tornou um exemplo vivo do mais alto potencial que repousa dentro de cada ser humano. Nos olhos do mestre, eles encontram a própria verdade deles refletida, e no seu silêncio eles encontram com maior facilidade o seu próprio silêncio interior. Juntos, eles criam um campo de força que dá apoio a cada um isoladamente, para que encontre a sua própria luz interior. Esta luz, uma vez encontrada, o discípulo chega a entender que o mestre exterior era apenas um catalizador, um recurso para provocar o despertar do interio
Ser um mestre é uma tarefa muito estranha. Você precisa convencer pessoas sobre o coração utilizando argumentos e razões, racionalidades, filosofia, você tem que usar a mente como uma serva do coração.
O trabalho do mestre é lhe afastar da mente, para que toda sua energia se mova para o coração. Você captou o sentido? A palavra mestre cria a idéia do discípulo, do seguidor. Como pode haver um mestre sem um discípulo, sem um seguidor? Mas no sentido espiritual da palavra, mestre significa domínio de si mesmo. Não tem nenhuma relação com qualquer seguidor; não depende da multidão. Um mestre sozinho é suficiente. O novo homem de que tenho falado será um mestre de si mesmo.
Osho
Comentário:
No Zen, o Mestre não é um mestre de outros, mas um mestre de si mesmo - Cada gesto seu, e cada uma de suas palavras, refletem a sua condição de iluminado. Ele não é um professor com uma doutrina para partilhar, nem um mensageiro supernatural conectado diretamente a Deus, mas simplesmente aquele que se tornou um exemplo vivo do mais alto potencial que repousa dentro de cada ser humano. Nos olhos do mestre, eles encontram a própria verdade deles refletida, e no seu silêncio eles encontram com maior facilidade o seu próprio silêncio interior. Juntos, eles criam um campo de força que dá apoio a cada um isoladamente, para que encontre a sua própria luz interior. Esta luz, uma vez encontrada, o discípulo chega a entender que o mestre exterior era apenas um catalizador, um recurso para provocar o despertar do interio
Guidance
You have to look for guidance because you don't know your inner guide is hidden inside you. You have to find the inner guide, and that's what I call your witness. That's what I call your dharma, that's what I call your intrinsic buddha. You have to awaken that buddha and your life will shower blessings, benediction. Your life will become so radiant with good, with godliness, more than you can possibly conceive. It is almost like light. Your room is dark, just bring light in. Even a small candle will do, and the whole darkness disappears. And once you have a candle you know where the door is.You don't have to think about it: "Where is the door?" Only blind people think about where the door is. People who have eyes and the light is there, they don't think. Have you ever thought, "Where is the door?" You simply get up and go out. You never give a single thought to where the door is. You don't start groping for the door or hitting your head against the wall. You simply see, and there is not even a flicker of thought. You simply go out.
Osho God is Dead: Now Zen is the Only Living Truth Chapter 7
Commentary:
The angelic figure with rainbow-colored wings on this card represents the guide that each of us carries within. Like the second figure in the background, we may sometimes be a little reluctant to trust this guide when it comes to us, because we are so accustomed to taking our cues from the outside rather than from the inside. The truth of your own deepest being is trying to show you where to go right now, and when this card appears it means you can trust the inner guidance you are being given. It speaks in whispers, and sometimes we can hesitate, not knowing if we have understood rightly. But the indications are clear: in following the inner guide you will feel more whole, more integrated, as if you are moving outwards from the very center of your being. If you go with it, this beam of light will carry you exactly where you need to go.
In Sanskrit the name is alaya vigyan, the house where you go on throwing into the basement things that you want to do but you cannot, because of social conditions, culture, civilization. But they go on collecting there, and they affect your actions, your life, very indirectly. Directly, they cannot face you--you have forced them into darkness, but from the dark side they go on influencing your behavior. They are dangerous, it is dangerous to keep all those inhibitions inside you. It is possible that these are the things that come to a climax when a person goes insane. Insanity is nothing but all these suppressions coming to a point where you cannot control them anymore. But madness is acceptable, while meditation is not--and meditation is the only way to make you absolutely sane.
Osho The Great Zen Master Ta Hui Chapter 11
Commentary:
The figure on this card is quite literally "all tied up in knots". His light still shines within, but he has repressed his own vitality trying to meet so many demands and expectations. He has given up all his own power and vision in return for being accepted by the very same forces that have imprisoned him. The danger of suppressing one's natural energy in this way is apparent in the cracks of a volcanic eruption about to take place around the edges of the image. The real message of the card is to find a healing outlet for this potential explosion. It is essential to find a way to release whatever tensions and stresses might be building up inside you right now. Beat on a pillow, jump up and down, go out into the wilderness and scream at the empty sky--anything to shake up your energy and allow it to circulate freely. Don't wait for a catastrophe to happen.
Osho The Great Zen Master Ta Hui Chapter 11
Commentary:
The figure on this card is quite literally "all tied up in knots". His light still shines within, but he has repressed his own vitality trying to meet so many demands and expectations. He has given up all his own power and vision in return for being accepted by the very same forces that have imprisoned him. The danger of suppressing one's natural energy in this way is apparent in the cracks of a volcanic eruption about to take place around the edges of the image. The real message of the card is to find a healing outlet for this potential explosion. It is essential to find a way to release whatever tensions and stresses might be building up inside you right now. Beat on a pillow, jump up and down, go out into the wilderness and scream at the empty sky--anything to shake up your energy and allow it to circulate freely. Don't wait for a catastrophe to happen.
Distance between Zagreb, Croatia and Berlin, Germany, as the crow flies:
479 miles (771 km) (416 nautical miles)
Initial heading from Zagreb to Berlin:
north-northwest (346.6 degrees)
Initial heading from Berlin to Zagreb:
south-southeast (164.6 degrees)
Zagreb, Croatia
Location: 45:48:00N 15:58:00E
Berlin, Germany
Location: 52:31:00N 13:20:00E
479 miles (771 km) (416 nautical miles)
Initial heading from Zagreb to Berlin:
north-northwest (346.6 degrees)
Initial heading from Berlin to Zagreb:
south-southeast (164.6 degrees)
Zagreb, Croatia
Location: 45:48:00N 15:58:00E
Berlin, Germany
Location: 52:31:00N 13:20:00E
Sunday, June 09, 2002
The monk and the prostitute
Wherever you are, become more centered, become more alert, live more consciously. There is nowhere else to go. Everything that has to happen, has to happen within you, and it is in your hands. You are not a puppet, and your strings are not in anybody else's hands. You are an absolutely free individual. If you decide to remain in illusions, you can remain so for many, many lives. If you decide to get out, a single moment's decision is enough. You can be out of all illusions this very moment.
Buddha was staying in Vaishali, where Amrapali lived--Amrapali was a prostitute. In Buddha's time, in India, it was a convention that the most beautiful woman of any city will not be allowed to get married to any one person, because that will create unnecessary jealousy, conflict, fighting. So the most beautiful woman had to become nagarvadhu--the wife of the whole town.
It was not disreputable at all; on the contrary, they were very much respected. They were not ordinary prostitutes. They were only visited by the very rich, or the kings, or the princes, generals--the highest strata of society.
Amrapali was very beautiful. One day she was standing on her terrace and she saw a young Buddhist monk. She had never fallen in love with anybody, but she fell suddenly in love--a young man, but of a tremendous presence, awareness, grace. The way he was walking... She rushed down, she asked him, "After three days the rainy season is going to start..." Buddhist monks don't move for four months when it is the rainy season. Amrapali said, "I invite you to stay in my house for the four months."
The young monk said, "I will ask my master. If he allows me, I will come."
The young monk came, touched the feet of Buddha and told the whole story, "She has asked me to stay for four months in her house. I have told her that I will ask my master, so I am here... whatever you say."
Buddha looked into his eyes and said, "You can stay."
It was a shock. Ten thousand monks... There was great silence but great anger, great jealousy. After the young man left to stay with Amrapali, the monks every day started bringing gossips, "The whole city is agog. There is only one talk--that a Buddhist monk is staying with Amrapali."
Buddha said, "You should keep silent. I trust my monk. I have looked into his eyes--there was no desire. If I had said no, he would not have felt anything. I said yes... he simply went. And I trust in his awareness, in his meditation. Why are you getting so agitated and worried?"
After four months the young man came, touched Buddha's feet--and following him was Amrapali, dressed as a Buddhist nun. She touched Buddha's feet and she said, "I tried my best to seduce your monk, but he seduced me. He convinced me by his presence and awareness that the real life is at your feet."
And Buddha said to the assembly, "Now, are you satisfied or not?" If meditation is deep, if awareness is clear, nothing can disturb it. And Amrapali became one of the enlightened women among Buddha's disciples.
Copyright © 2002 Osho International Foundation
Wherever you are, become more centered, become more alert, live more consciously. There is nowhere else to go. Everything that has to happen, has to happen within you, and it is in your hands. You are not a puppet, and your strings are not in anybody else's hands. You are an absolutely free individual. If you decide to remain in illusions, you can remain so for many, many lives. If you decide to get out, a single moment's decision is enough. You can be out of all illusions this very moment.
Buddha was staying in Vaishali, where Amrapali lived--Amrapali was a prostitute. In Buddha's time, in India, it was a convention that the most beautiful woman of any city will not be allowed to get married to any one person, because that will create unnecessary jealousy, conflict, fighting. So the most beautiful woman had to become nagarvadhu--the wife of the whole town.
It was not disreputable at all; on the contrary, they were very much respected. They were not ordinary prostitutes. They were only visited by the very rich, or the kings, or the princes, generals--the highest strata of society.
Amrapali was very beautiful. One day she was standing on her terrace and she saw a young Buddhist monk. She had never fallen in love with anybody, but she fell suddenly in love--a young man, but of a tremendous presence, awareness, grace. The way he was walking... She rushed down, she asked him, "After three days the rainy season is going to start..." Buddhist monks don't move for four months when it is the rainy season. Amrapali said, "I invite you to stay in my house for the four months."
The young monk said, "I will ask my master. If he allows me, I will come."
The young monk came, touched the feet of Buddha and told the whole story, "She has asked me to stay for four months in her house. I have told her that I will ask my master, so I am here... whatever you say."
Buddha looked into his eyes and said, "You can stay."
It was a shock. Ten thousand monks... There was great silence but great anger, great jealousy. After the young man left to stay with Amrapali, the monks every day started bringing gossips, "The whole city is agog. There is only one talk--that a Buddhist monk is staying with Amrapali."
Buddha said, "You should keep silent. I trust my monk. I have looked into his eyes--there was no desire. If I had said no, he would not have felt anything. I said yes... he simply went. And I trust in his awareness, in his meditation. Why are you getting so agitated and worried?"
After four months the young man came, touched Buddha's feet--and following him was Amrapali, dressed as a Buddhist nun. She touched Buddha's feet and she said, "I tried my best to seduce your monk, but he seduced me. He convinced me by his presence and awareness that the real life is at your feet."
And Buddha said to the assembly, "Now, are you satisfied or not?" If meditation is deep, if awareness is clear, nothing can disturb it. And Amrapali became one of the enlightened women among Buddha's disciples.
Copyright © 2002 Osho International Foundation
Earth is our home and home to all living beings. Earth itself is alive. We are part of an evolving universe. Human beings are members of an interdependent community of life with a magnificent diversity of life forms and cultures. We are humbled before the beauty of Earth and share a reverence for life and the sources of our being. We give thanks for the heritage that we have received from past generations and embrace our responsibilities to present and future generations.
The Earth Community stands at a defining moment. The biosphere is governed by laws that we ignore at our own peril. Human beings have acquired the ability to radically alter the environment and evolutionary processes. Lack of foresight and misuse of knowledge and power threaten the fabric of life and the foundations of local and global security. There is great violence, poverty, and suffering in our world. A fundamental change of course is needed.
The choice is before us: to care for Earth or to participate in the destruction of ourselves and the diversity of life. We must reinvent industrial-technological civilization, finding new ways to balance self and community, having and being, diversity and unity, short-term and long-term, using and nurturing.
In the midst of all our diversity, we are one humanity and one Earth family with a shared destiny. The challenges before us require an inclusive ethical vision. Partnerships must be forged and cooperation fostered at local, bioregional, national and international levels. In solidarity with one another and the community of life, we the peoples of the world commit ourselves to action guided by the following interrelated principles:
Respect Earth and all life. Earth, each life form, and all living beings possess intrinsic value and warrant respect independently of their utilitarian value to humanity.
Care for Earth, protecting and restoring the diversity, integrity, and beauty of the planet's ecosystems. Where there is risk of irreversible or serious damage to the environment, precautionary action must be taken to prevent harm.
Live sustainably, promoting and adopting modes of consumption, production and reproduction that respect and safeguard human rights and the regenerative capacities of Earth.
Establish justice, and defend without discrimination the right of all people to life, liberty, and security of person within an environment adequate for human health and spiritual well-being. People have a right to potable water, clean air, uncontaminated soil, and food security.
Share equitably the benefits of natural resource use and a healthy environment among the nations, between rich and poor, between males and females, between present and future generations, and internalize all environmental, social and economic costs.
Promote social development and financial systems that create and maintain sustainable livelihoods, eradicate poverty, and strengthen local communities.
Practice non-violence, recognizing that peace is the wholeness created by harmonious and balanced relationships with oneself, other persons, other life forms, and Earth.
Strengthen processes that empower people to participate effectively in decision-making and ensure transparency and accountability in governance and administration in all sectors of society.
Reaffirm that Indigenous and Tribal Peoples have a vital role in the care and protection of Mother Earth. They have the right to retain their spirituality, knowledge, lands, territories and resources.
Affirm that gender equality is a prerequisite for sustainable development.
Secure the right to sexual and reproductive health, with special concern for women and girls.
Promote the participation of youth as accountable agents of change for local, bioregional and global sustainability.
Advance and put to use scientific and other types of knowledge and technologies that promote sustainable living and protect the environment.
Ensure that people throughout their lives have opportunities to acquire the knowledge, values, and practical skills needed to build sustainable communities.
Treat all creatures with compassion and protect them from cruelty and wanton destruction.
Do not do to the environment of others what you do not want done to your environment.
Protect and restore places of outstanding ecological, cultural, aesthetic, spiritual, and scientific significance.
Cultivate and act with a sense of shared responsibility for the well-being of the Earth Community. Every person, institutions and government has a duty to advance the indivisible goals of justice for all, sustainability, world peace, and respect and care for the larger community of life.
The Earth Community stands at a defining moment. The biosphere is governed by laws that we ignore at our own peril. Human beings have acquired the ability to radically alter the environment and evolutionary processes. Lack of foresight and misuse of knowledge and power threaten the fabric of life and the foundations of local and global security. There is great violence, poverty, and suffering in our world. A fundamental change of course is needed.
The choice is before us: to care for Earth or to participate in the destruction of ourselves and the diversity of life. We must reinvent industrial-technological civilization, finding new ways to balance self and community, having and being, diversity and unity, short-term and long-term, using and nurturing.
In the midst of all our diversity, we are one humanity and one Earth family with a shared destiny. The challenges before us require an inclusive ethical vision. Partnerships must be forged and cooperation fostered at local, bioregional, national and international levels. In solidarity with one another and the community of life, we the peoples of the world commit ourselves to action guided by the following interrelated principles:
Respect Earth and all life. Earth, each life form, and all living beings possess intrinsic value and warrant respect independently of their utilitarian value to humanity.
Care for Earth, protecting and restoring the diversity, integrity, and beauty of the planet's ecosystems. Where there is risk of irreversible or serious damage to the environment, precautionary action must be taken to prevent harm.
Live sustainably, promoting and adopting modes of consumption, production and reproduction that respect and safeguard human rights and the regenerative capacities of Earth.
Establish justice, and defend without discrimination the right of all people to life, liberty, and security of person within an environment adequate for human health and spiritual well-being. People have a right to potable water, clean air, uncontaminated soil, and food security.
Share equitably the benefits of natural resource use and a healthy environment among the nations, between rich and poor, between males and females, between present and future generations, and internalize all environmental, social and economic costs.
Promote social development and financial systems that create and maintain sustainable livelihoods, eradicate poverty, and strengthen local communities.
Practice non-violence, recognizing that peace is the wholeness created by harmonious and balanced relationships with oneself, other persons, other life forms, and Earth.
Strengthen processes that empower people to participate effectively in decision-making and ensure transparency and accountability in governance and administration in all sectors of society.
Reaffirm that Indigenous and Tribal Peoples have a vital role in the care and protection of Mother Earth. They have the right to retain their spirituality, knowledge, lands, territories and resources.
Affirm that gender equality is a prerequisite for sustainable development.
Secure the right to sexual and reproductive health, with special concern for women and girls.
Promote the participation of youth as accountable agents of change for local, bioregional and global sustainability.
Advance and put to use scientific and other types of knowledge and technologies that promote sustainable living and protect the environment.
Ensure that people throughout their lives have opportunities to acquire the knowledge, values, and practical skills needed to build sustainable communities.
Treat all creatures with compassion and protect them from cruelty and wanton destruction.
Do not do to the environment of others what you do not want done to your environment.
Protect and restore places of outstanding ecological, cultural, aesthetic, spiritual, and scientific significance.
Cultivate and act with a sense of shared responsibility for the well-being of the Earth Community. Every person, institutions and government has a duty to advance the indivisible goals of justice for all, sustainability, world peace, and respect and care for the larger community of life.
One of the key components of sustainable development is a conscious consideration of the needs of future generations. Today's young people will ultimately bear the responsibility for implementing the policies and programs necessary for sustainable development. It is essential that we begin to incorporate their skills, knowledge and ideas into current strategies, as well as develop their capacity to become leaders in the 21st century.
It has proven difficult to create environments that are conducive to participation by young people in the sustainability debate. Senior decision-makers are often apprehensive about incorporating youth into decision-making processes and there are few opportunities available for youth to influence national or international policies. Many well-intentioned initiatives, such as youth advisory councils within governments and organizations, have had the unintentional effect of diverting the needs and concerns of young people from the larger debate. New approaches must be found to engage young people in solving the challenges we face, and in contributing to policies and directions for the future.
Wednesday, June 05, 2002
Distance between Mexico City, Mexico and Tokyo, Japan, as the crow flies:
7032 miles (11317 km) (6111 nautical miles)
Initial heading from Mexico City to Tokyo:
northwest (314.8 degrees)
Initial heading from Tokyo to Mexico City:
northeast (55.4 degrees)
Mexico City, Mexico
Location: 19:28:00N 99:09:00W
Tokyo, Japan
Location: 35:41:00N 139:44:00E
Distance between Tokyo, Japan and Seoul, Republic of Korea, as the crow flies:
716 miles (1153 km) (623 nautical miles)
Initial heading from Tokyo to Seoul:
west-northwest (284.3 degrees)
Initial heading from Seoul to Tokyo:
east (96.7 degrees)
See airfares between these two cities in Expedia or Travelocity.
See hotels in these two cities in Expedia or Travelocity.
See driving distance and directions (courtesy MapBlast).
See these places on the map (courtesy Xerox PARC).
Tokyo, Japan
Location: 35:41:00N 139:44:00E
Seoul, Republic of Korea
Location: 37:35:00N 127:03:00E
Distance between Seoul, Republic of Korea and Beijing, China, as the crow flies:
598 miles (962 km) (519 nautical miles)
Initial heading from Seoul to Beijing:
west-northwest (288.9 degrees)
Initial heading from Beijing to Seoul:
east-southeast (102.2 degrees)
Distance between Seoul, Republic of Korea and Beijing, China, as the crow flies:
598 miles (962 km) (519 nautical miles)
Initial heading from Seoul to Beijing:
west-northwest (288.9 degrees)
Initial heading from Beijing to Seoul:
east-southeast (102.2 degrees)
See airfares between these two cities in Expedia or Travelocity.
See hotels in these two cities in Expedia or Travelocity.
See driving distance and directions (courtesy MapBlast).
See these places on the map (courtesy Xerox PARC).
Seoul, Republic of Korea
Location: 37:35:00N 127:03:00E
Beijing, China
Location: 39:55:00N 116:23:00E
Seoul, Republic of Korea
Location: 37:35:00N 127:03:00E
Beijing, China
Location: 39:55:00N 116:23:00E
7032 miles (11317 km) (6111 nautical miles)
Initial heading from Mexico City to Tokyo:
northwest (314.8 degrees)
Initial heading from Tokyo to Mexico City:
northeast (55.4 degrees)
Mexico City, Mexico
Location: 19:28:00N 99:09:00W
Tokyo, Japan
Location: 35:41:00N 139:44:00E
Distance between Tokyo, Japan and Seoul, Republic of Korea, as the crow flies:
716 miles (1153 km) (623 nautical miles)
Initial heading from Tokyo to Seoul:
west-northwest (284.3 degrees)
Initial heading from Seoul to Tokyo:
east (96.7 degrees)
See airfares between these two cities in Expedia or Travelocity.
See hotels in these two cities in Expedia or Travelocity.
See driving distance and directions (courtesy MapBlast).
See these places on the map (courtesy Xerox PARC).
Tokyo, Japan
Location: 35:41:00N 139:44:00E
Seoul, Republic of Korea
Location: 37:35:00N 127:03:00E
Distance between Seoul, Republic of Korea and Beijing, China, as the crow flies:
598 miles (962 km) (519 nautical miles)
Initial heading from Seoul to Beijing:
west-northwest (288.9 degrees)
Initial heading from Beijing to Seoul:
east-southeast (102.2 degrees)
Distance between Seoul, Republic of Korea and Beijing, China, as the crow flies:
598 miles (962 km) (519 nautical miles)
Initial heading from Seoul to Beijing:
west-northwest (288.9 degrees)
Initial heading from Beijing to Seoul:
east-southeast (102.2 degrees)
See airfares between these two cities in Expedia or Travelocity.
See hotels in these two cities in Expedia or Travelocity.
See driving distance and directions (courtesy MapBlast).
See these places on the map (courtesy Xerox PARC).
Seoul, Republic of Korea
Location: 37:35:00N 127:03:00E
Beijing, China
Location: 39:55:00N 116:23:00E
Seoul, Republic of Korea
Location: 37:35:00N 127:03:00E
Beijing, China
Location: 39:55:00N 116:23:00E
Distance between Washington, District of Columbia, United States and Mexico City, Mexico, as the crow flies:
1882 miles (3029 km) (1636 nautical miles)
Initial heading from Washington to Mexico City:
southwest (231.0 degrees)
Initial heading from Mexico City to Washington:
northeast (39.9 degrees)
Washington, District of Columbia, US
Columbia: District of Columbia
Location: 38:54:18N 77:00:58W
Population (1990): 606900
Mexico City, Mexico
Location: 19:28:00N 99:09:00W
Distance between London, England, United Kingdom and Paris, France, as the crow flies:
213 miles (343 km) (185 nautical miles)
Initial heading from London to Paris:
south-southeast (148.4 degrees)
Initial heading from Paris to London:
north-northwest (330.2 degrees)
London, England, United Kingdom
Location: 51:30:00N 0:07:00W
Paris, France
Location: 48:51:00N 2:20:00E
Distance between Brasilia, Brazil and Dakar, Senegal, as the crow flies:
2958 miles (4760 km) (2570 nautical miles)
Initial heading from Brasilia to Dakar:
northeast (46.2 degrees)
Initial heading from Dakar to Brasilia:
southwest (225.9 degrees)
Brasilia, Brazil
Location: 15:52:00S 47:55:00W
Dakar, Senegal
Location: 14:45:00N 17:30:00W
Distance between Dakar, Senegal and Pretoria, South Africa, as the crow flies:
4143 miles (6668 km) (3601 nautical miles)
Initial heading from Dakar to Pretoria:
southeast (132.0 degrees)
Initial heading from Pretoria to Dakar:
northwest (307.1 degrees)
Dakar, Senegal
Location: 14:45:00N 17:30:00W
Pretoria, South Africa
Location: 25:51:00S 28:00:00E
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Distance between Washington, District of Columbia, United States and Lisbon, Portugal, as the crow flies:
3576 miles (5754 km) (3107 nautical miles)
Initial heading from Washington to Lisbon:
east-northeast (67.3 degrees)
Initial heading from Lisbon to Washington:
west-northwest (293.1 degrees)
Washington, District of Columbia, US
Columbia: District of Columbia
Location: 38:54:18N 77:00:58W
Population (1990): 606900
Lisbon, Portugal
Location: 38:42:00N 9:05:00W
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1882 miles (3029 km) (1636 nautical miles)
Initial heading from Washington to Mexico City:
southwest (231.0 degrees)
Initial heading from Mexico City to Washington:
northeast (39.9 degrees)
Washington, District of Columbia, US
Columbia: District of Columbia
Location: 38:54:18N 77:00:58W
Population (1990): 606900
Mexico City, Mexico
Location: 19:28:00N 99:09:00W
Distance between London, England, United Kingdom and Paris, France, as the crow flies:
213 miles (343 km) (185 nautical miles)
Initial heading from London to Paris:
south-southeast (148.4 degrees)
Initial heading from Paris to London:
north-northwest (330.2 degrees)
London, England, United Kingdom
Location: 51:30:00N 0:07:00W
Paris, France
Location: 48:51:00N 2:20:00E
Distance between Brasilia, Brazil and Dakar, Senegal, as the crow flies:
2958 miles (4760 km) (2570 nautical miles)
Initial heading from Brasilia to Dakar:
northeast (46.2 degrees)
Initial heading from Dakar to Brasilia:
southwest (225.9 degrees)
Brasilia, Brazil
Location: 15:52:00S 47:55:00W
Dakar, Senegal
Location: 14:45:00N 17:30:00W
Distance between Dakar, Senegal and Pretoria, South Africa, as the crow flies:
4143 miles (6668 km) (3601 nautical miles)
Initial heading from Dakar to Pretoria:
southeast (132.0 degrees)
Initial heading from Pretoria to Dakar:
northwest (307.1 degrees)
Dakar, Senegal
Location: 14:45:00N 17:30:00W
Pretoria, South Africa
Location: 25:51:00S 28:00:00E
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Distance between Washington, District of Columbia, United States and Lisbon, Portugal, as the crow flies:
3576 miles (5754 km) (3107 nautical miles)
Initial heading from Washington to Lisbon:
east-northeast (67.3 degrees)
Initial heading from Lisbon to Washington:
west-northwest (293.1 degrees)
Washington, District of Columbia, US
Columbia: District of Columbia
Location: 38:54:18N 77:00:58W
Population (1990): 606900
Lisbon, Portugal
Location: 38:42:00N 9:05:00W
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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